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Which of the following substances can cause nail discoloration?

  1. Moisturizers

  2. Polish removers

  3. Excessive cleaning agents

  4. All of the above

The correct answer is: All of the above

Nail discoloration can result from several factors, and all the listed substances can contribute to this issue. Moisturizers, while generally beneficial for the skin and nails, may contain certain dyes or chemicals that can temporarily stain the nails, especially if used excessively or on nails that are already compromised. Polish removers, especially those containing acetone or strong solvents, can strip the natural oils and moisture from the nails, leading to a yellowish or discolored appearance, particularly with frequent use. Excessive cleaning agents, such as harsh detergents or chemicals found in household cleaners, can also impact the color of the nails. These substances can lead to dryness and damage the nail bed, further contributing to discoloration over time. Understanding the cumulative effects of these substances helps nail techs and clients alike to manage nail health and prevent discoloration effectively.